{"id":2699,"date":"2013-05-29T09:40:02","date_gmt":"2013-05-29T09:40:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/?p=2699"},"modified":"2016-03-01T16:04:15","modified_gmt":"2016-03-01T16:04:15","slug":"waiting-for-the-green-revolution-land-reform-in-south-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/waiting-for-the-green-revolution-land-reform-in-south-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"Waiting for the green revolution: Land reform in South Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/BN1301-South-Africa-Land-Reform1.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-2700\" style=\"border: 1px solid black;\" title=\"Waiting for the green revolution:  Land reform in South Africa\" src=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/South-Africa-Land-Reform-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"green revolution, South Africa, ANC, land reform, agriculture, jobs, commercial farms\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/South-Africa-Land-Reform-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/South-Africa-Land-Reform-723x1024.jpg 723w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/South-Africa-Land-Reform-170x240.jpg 170w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/South-Africa-Land-Reform.jpg\">\u00a0<\/a>May 2013<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a title=\"Waiting for the green revolution: Land reform in South Africa\" href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/BN1301-South-Africa-Land-Reform1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download PDF\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The 1994 pledge by the African National Congress (ANC) to transfer 30% of white-owned agricultural\u00a0land to black farmers has been undermined by a lack of political will and financial commitment. Other\u00a0policy priorities have taken precedence over land and agrarian reform. While millions of hectares have\u00a0been transferred, acute poverty and unemployment are rife in rural areas. These notes assess the\u00a0progress of the land reform programme and emphasise the importance of \u2013 and opportunity in \u2013 a\u00a0bolder approach to this emotive issue.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"message-box-wrapper orange\">\n<div class=\"message-box-title\">SUMMARY<\/div>\n<div class=\"message-box-content\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"shortcode-list bullet\"><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Implementation of land reform complicated by multiple objectives, inadequate funding<\/li>\n<li>Food self-sufficiency equated with large-scale commercial farming, hampers agrarian reform<\/li>\n<li>Precarious tenure rights symptomatic of wider economic and social inequalities<\/li>\n<li>Much redistributed land deemed no longer productive, insufficient support for beneficiaries<\/li>\n<li>Potential of smallholders under-exploited, rural unemployment at 52%<\/li>\n<li>Land reform a significant political and economic opportunity for ANC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Centenary of dispossession<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 2013, South Africa marked the centenary of Act No. 27 \u2013\u00a0the Natives\u2019 Land Act. This effectively excluded \u201cmembers of\u00a0an aboriginal race or tribe of Africa\u201d from occupation or\u00a0ownership of about 90% of the country\u2019s land. Under the\u00a0Act, and more than 17,000 subsequent pieces of legislation,\u00a0many millions were forcibly relocated to black townships\u00a0and \u201cBantustan\u201d homelands \u2013 an estimated 3.5m people\u00a0in 1960-80 alone. In 1996, two years after the end of\u00a0apartheid, some 60,000 white commercial farmers owned\u00a0almost 70% of land classified as agricultural and leased a\u00a0further 19% (1).<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<dl id=\"attachment_4213\">\n<dt>\n<div id=\"attachment_4581\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Map_of_agricultural_regions_SA.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4581\" class=\" wp-image-4581 \" src=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Map_of_agricultural_regions_SA.jpg\" alt=\"Source: FAO, adapted by Sadia Chowdhury  \" width=\"390\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Map_of_agricultural_regions_SA.jpg 650w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Map_of_agricultural_regions_SA-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4581\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: FAO, adapted by Sadia Chowdhury<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Agricultural regions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A land reform programme initiated by the ANC-led\u00a0government targeted the redress of historical injustices,\u00a0more equitable distribution of agricultural land, and rural\u00a0development. About 13m hectares are classed as arable in\u00a0South Africa. Two-thirds of the land mass is suitable only for\u00a0livestock farming. By May 2012, ownership of 7.95m hectares\u00a0of land had been transferred under the programme \u2013 about\u00a0one third of the original target of 24.6m hectares (2). From the\u00a0outset, implementation of land reform was complicated by\u00a0the multiple objectives of its three pillars \u2013 restitution,\u00a0redistribution and tenure reform.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The government has been criticised for the slow progress\u00a0of land redistribution and high cost of land restitution.\u00a0Both are attributed to the now abandoned willing seller,\u00a0willing buyer (WSWB) principle. In the absence of\u00a0compulsion, most landowners have been reluctant to sell to\u00a0the state. Collusion between sellers, land valuers and\u00a0government officials \u2013 and instances of corruption \u2013 have\u00a0inflated market prices. Furthermore, purchased land has\u00a0been widely scattered and often unsuitable for beneficiaries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Redistribution based on WSWB has done little to diminish\u00a0landlessness, tenure insecurity or rural poverty.\u00a0Complex legal issues further hampered the progress of land\u00a0reform. Section 25 of the constitution both guarantees\u00a0secure property rights and obliges the state to \u201cenable\u00a0citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis\u201d. The\u00a0ANC government also has to maintain its appeal with core\u00a0voters and investors alike. An estimated 62% of the\u00a0population is urban. Food self-sufficiency is a paramount\u00a0objective, yet agriculture generates only 3% of South Africa\u2019s\u00a0gross domestic product. While land dispossession was\u00a0a historical event, solutions must be found amid the\u00a0economic and social realities of contemporary South Africa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Land reform featured prominently in the negotiations that\u00a0brought an end to apartheid and endures in ANC rhetoric.\u00a0In 2013, the original 1999 deadline for the redistribution of\u00a030% of agricultural land to black South Africans was again\u00a0postponed \u2013 from 2014 to 2025. In no year has more than\u00a01% of the national budget been earmarked for purchasing\u00a0land (3). According to the Department of Rural Development\u00a0and Land Reform (RDLR), an estimated R29.7 billion (US$3.2\u00a0billion) was spent on the land reform programme between\u00a01994 and 2013.4 This may far exceed the sum originally\u00a0envisaged by the World Bank but it is equivalent to only a\u00a0single year\u2019s government budget for housing development.\u00a0The land issue has been described as \u201cbroadly only an\u00a0agenda item\u201d (5).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Restitution, tenure reform\u2026<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The 1994 Restitution of Land Rights Act initiated the process\u00a0of compensating those deprived of property as a result of\u00a0racist legislation after 1913. By 2013, 77,148 claims had been\u00a0settled nationwide. In response to appeals from claimants\u00a0who missed the December 1998 deadline, new claims will\u00a0be considered. The programme may also be extended to\u00a0include pre-1913 dispossessions from, among others, the\u00a0Khoi and San communities in Northern Cape province.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">More than 80% of restitution claims settled by 2006\u00a0related to urban land. A vast majority of beneficiaries \u2013 92%\u00a0\u2013 opted to receive financial compensation at a cost of R6\u00a0billion (US$652m). To satisfy successful claimants\u00a0demanding the return of land, 1.44m hectares were acquired\u00a0for an estimated R10.8 billion (US$1.2 billion).6 Given the\u00a0need to reclaim specific areas of historical and cultural\u00a0significance, the state\u2019s bargaining power was limited. \u201cThe\u00a0numbers clearly show who has benefited from the [land\u00a0restitution] programme\u00a0observed RDLR Minister Gugile\u00a0Nkwinti (7).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<blockquote class=\"center\"><p>\u201cThe programme of reversing land dispossession must be undertaken in a manner that corrects the injustice while also promoting agricultural stability and food security\u201d &#8211; Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Legislation designed to improve rights of tenure has been\u00a0ineffective. For most rural South Africans, security of tenure\u00a0remains precarious. In 1994-2004, an estimated 942,303\u00a0people were forcibly removed from commercial farms \u2013 one\u00a0quarter more than in the final decade of apartheid.8 The\u00a01996 Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act and the 1997\u00a0Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA), which were\u00a0drafted to strengthen the rights of farm workers and others\u00a0residing on private land, have been poorly enforced by the\u00a0police and courts. The creation of \u201cagrivillages\u201d for farm\u00a0dwellers, proposed by a new Land Tenure Security Bill, is\u00a0redolent of apartheid legislation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The 2004 Communal Land Rights Act (CLaRA) aimed to\u00a0transfer the legal power for determining \u2013 or altering \u2013\u00a0myriad land tenure arrangements in communal areas from\u00a0the state to traditional authorities. If implemented, the\u00a0legislation would have affected about 21 million people (9).\u00a0CLaRA attracted widespread criticism for entrenching\u00a0pre-1994 homeland boundaries and vesting power in\u00a0unelected local authorities. In May 2010, CLaRA was declared\u00a0unconstitutional. The 2011 Green Paper on Land Reform\u00a0stated that land rights in communal areas would be clarified\u00a0\u2013 but no time frame was given.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2026 and redistribution<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By 2013, 4.12m hectares had been redistributed from white\u00a0ownership to 230,886 black farmers and entrepreneurs at a\u00a0cost of R12.9 billion (US$1.4 billion).10 Since 1994, the means\u00a0by which land was redistributed have evolved from\u00a0Settlement\/Land Acquisition Grants (SLAG, 1995-2000) to\u00a0the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development\u00a0Programme (LRAD, 2001-10). In 2006, the government\u00a0adopted the Pro-active Land Acquisition Strategy (PLAS),\u00a0which leases high-potential land to chosen beneficiaries\u00a0with the option of future purchase. Since the early 2000s, the\u00a0distribution of grants and land allocations has attested to a\u00a0clear governmental preference for preserving large-scale\u00a0commercial farming.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4580\" style=\"width: 328px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Land_redistribution_vs_restitution_SA_1994-2010.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4580\" class=\" wp-image-4580 \" src=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Land_redistribution_vs_restitution_SA_1994-2010.jpg\" alt=\"Source: : Department of Rural Development and Land Reform,  South Africa\/R A Makhado\" width=\"318\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Land_redistribution_vs_restitution_SA_1994-2010.jpg 530w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Land_redistribution_vs_restitution_SA_1994-2010-220x300.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4580\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: : Department of Rural Development and Land Reform,<br \/>South Africa\/R A Makhado<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The structure of grants and an insistence on maintaining the\u00a0original boundaries of transferred farms have fostered\u00a0Communal Property Associations (CPAs). The necessity to\u00a0pool financial resources has also spawned \u201crent-a-crowd\u201d\u00a0CPAs, with members who have no intention of participating\u00a0actively in farming. Conflicts within CPAs over how land\u00a0should be used have contributed to the collapse of numerous\u00a0projects. In practice, few beneficiaries farm collectively.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Assisted purchases of entire farms by individuals or families\u00a0are rare. Such applications require proof of substantial\u00a0capital. In areas of highly mechanised commercial\u00a0agriculture, partnerships with private investors \u2013 based on\u00a0shared equity or outgrower schemes \u2013 are promoted as a\u00a0way of incorporating black South Africans. Such alliances\u00a0have been depicted as unequal \u2013 an opportunity for white\u00a0farmers and corporations to spread the risk of\u00a0capital-intensive farming and gain political credibility (11).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 2010, 90% of redistributed land was deemed \u201cno longer\u00a0productive\u201d by the government.12 Success or failure tends\u00a0to be assessed by comparison to the former function of the\u00a0land. Very few new landowners possess the working capital,\u00a0skills and machinery to sustain a large commercial farm \u2013 or\u00a0even part of one. Inadequate support and extension services\u00a0and the imposition of inappropriate business plans\u00a0compromise government objectives. The state has paid\u00a0insufficient attention to the diverse profiles and needs of\u00a0beneficiaries. Despite the many hindrances, a study of new\u00a0farmers on redistributed land pre-2006 showed that more\u00a0than half were earning income from agriculture (13).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alterations to land reform proposed in the long-awaited\u00a02011 Green Paper included a new four-tier structure of land\u00a0tenure. The response to the Green Paper was muted. Its 11\u00a0pages failed to outline practical measures to address existing\u00a0problems. The government hopes that a draft expropriation\u00a0bill, and the introduction of land ceilings and a valuergeneral,\u00a0will speed up land transfers and prevent inflation of\u00a0land prices. Critics predict more red tape, lengthy legal\u00a0challenges from landowners \u2013 and the alienation of\u00a0commercial farmers. The state itself cannot provide much\u00a0extra land. In 2013, completion of a land audit established\u00a0that 78% of South African land is private and 22%\u00a0state-owned. The RDLR blamed the inability to provide\u00a0further, much-needed detail on an \u201cinstitutional challenge\u201d (14).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Big farms, small farms, more jobs<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rural development was a principal objective of the land\u00a0reform programme articulated in the 1994 White Paper on\u00a0Reconstruction and Development. Significant support for\u00a0diversified smallholder agriculture was envisaged. Making\u00a0more land available to smallholders is only one component\u00a0of a broader policy required to diversify and strengthen\u00a0South African agriculture.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite frequent claims to support smallholders, the\u00a0emphasis of government has been on trying to graft\u00a0new owners of redistributed land to existing commercial\u00a0units. Successive administrations have equated national\u00a0food security with large-scale commercial farming.\u00a0Concerns about triggering higher or more volatile food\u00a0prices by undermining the agricultural status quo loom large\u00a0among policymakers \u2013 and are amplified by commercial\u00a0farmers\u2019 associations. This fixation does little to alleviate\u00a0rural poverty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A vibrant smallholder sector would bolster food security at\u00a0national and household levels \u2013 and improve rural\u00a0livelihoods. South Africa may be food self-sufficient and a\u00a0net exporter of comestibles, but an estimated 39% of\u00a0households live on less than US$45 a month and the poor\u00a0spend at least 40% of their income on food. Food security is\u00a0attained by growing enough to meet the needs of the family\u00a0\u2013 or by generating adequate income with which to buy food.\u00a0Farmers are failing for lack of technical support, irrigation,\u00a0credit, infrastructure and access to markets \u2013 not because of\u00a0the size of their landholdings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em id=\"__mceDel\"><em id=\"__mceDel\"><\/em><\/em>The productive potential of some four million black farmers,\u00a0most within the former homelands, remains underexploited.\u00a0Since 2010, the government has invested R1.8bn\u00a0(US$196m) to assist new famers improve productivity. The\u00a0Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP)\u00a0aims to roll out 160 sites by 2014. While such commitments\u00a0are laudable, they are insufficient. In contrast to the\u00a0requirement of the Comprehensive African Agriculture\u00a0Development Plan for countries to spend at least 10% of\u00a0their budgets on agriculture, South Africa allocates just 2%\u00a0to the sector \u2013 among the lowest on the continent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<blockquote class=\"center\"><p>\u201cThe land question must be resolved, if needs be the hard way\u201d \u2013 Julius Malema, former president of ANC Youth League, quoting Oliver Thambo<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">At present, rural job creation \u2013 to supplement or provide\u00a0alternatives to inadequate farm incomes \u2013 is equally\u00a0deficient. The 2011 National Development Plan targets the\u00a0creation of almost one million agriculture-related jobs by\u00a02030. Between September 2006 and September 2012, the\u00a0number of South Africans employed in agriculture fell from\u00a01.09 million to 661,000.15 At 52%, the rural unemployment\u00a0rate is twice the national average.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Responsibility for realising the potential of existing\u00a0smallholders and beneficiaries of land reform lies with\u00a0commercial farmers as well as the government. The\u00a0expansion of mentoring and other initiatives to improve\u00a0local relationships are essential. But large-scale commercial\u00a0farms are no \u201cgolden goose\u201d. As subsidies were removed and\u00a0input costs rose, profitability diminished. The number of\u00a0commercial farmers has declined from about 60,000 in\u00a01994 to under 40,000 \u2013 half of whom generate annual\u00a0turnover of less than R300,000 (US$32,000). The future of\u00a0South African agriculture will depend on both the\u00a0preservation of profitable commercial farming and an\u00a0effective transformation of the smallholder sector.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Politics and populism<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Many judgements regarding the success or failure of land\u00a0reform focus on the number of hectares transferred. This\u00a0obscures the crucial point that the purpose of land reform\u00a0was the redress of historical injustice, redistribution of\u00a0wealth and transformation of rural livelihoods. All of these\u00a0need more ingredients to succeed than shuffled hectares.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Against the backdrop of subdued economic growth and\u00a0widespread industrial unrest in 2012, a wholesale\u00a0restructuring of the agricultural economy is required. This\u00a0could reasonably be expected to take more than a\u00a0generation to achieve. The transfer of 7.95m hectares is itself,\u00a0arguably, no insignificant feat. But more money, greater\u00a0political will and more skilful implementation are required\u00a0to counter allegations that land and agrarian reform are\u00a0merely agenda items.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Competing policy priorities have taken precedence over\u00a0land reform \u2013 and agriculture \u2013 since 1994. The\u00a0achievements of the ANC government are many and\u00a0significant. The economy remains the largest in Africa. Social\u00a0grants are received by more than 15m people and will rise to\u00a0R120 billion (US$13 billion) annually by 2015. Four million\u00a0new houses have been constructed. A massive infrastructure\u00a0programme is under way. By contrast, the allocation of 2% of\u00a0the national budget to agriculture, rural development and\u00a0land reform for 2013-14 is a paltry sum.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite impassioned rhetoric to the contrary, the timidity with\u00a0which successive ANC administrations have addressed rural\u00a0development is striking. This lack of political will has multiple\u00a0justifications. The contribution of agriculture to GDP is small.\u00a0Concerns of rural voters in a country with an urbanisation level\u00a0of 62% are of secondary political importance. The ANC\u2019s\u00a0substantial parliamentary majority gives it a mandate for\u00a0bolder action in the agriculture sector, which could bolster\u00a0rural support for the party. Agriculture is a prime source of\u00a0income for as many as five million people and their\u00a0dependants. Their votes cannot be taken for granted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The undertaking to create a million agriculture-related jobs\u00a0by 2030 might suggest that the ANC recognises the\u00a0opportunity in agriculture. In the absence of greater financial\u00a0commitment and political resolve, meandering land and\u00a0agrarian reform will become increasingly susceptible to\u00a0political opportunism. Under the leadership of Julius Malema,\u00a0the ANC\u2019s Youth League made expropriation of white-owned\u00a0land without compensation one of its main rallying calls. The\u00a0pre-emption of populist successors to Malema \u2013 from\u00a0whatever quarter \u2013 is imperative for rural economic\u00a0development, stability and social cohesion in South Africa.<\/p>\n<p><em id=\"__mceDel\">\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"message-box-wrapper orange\">\n<div class=\"message-box-title\">Sources<\/div>\n<div class=\"message-box-content\">\n1 Statistics South Africa, \u201cAgricultural Surveys, 1994, 1995 and 1996\u201d, Pretoria, 1996.<br \/>\n2 Gugile Nkwinti, \u201cPolicy Speech\u201d, May 2012.<br \/>\n3 Ben Cousins, \u201cLand redistribution: part of a wider agrarian strategy\u201d, Umhlaba Wethu 15, PLAAS, University of Western Cape, September 2012.<br \/>\n4, 6, 7, 10 Gugile Nkwinti \u201cBuilding vibrant, equitable, and sustainable rural communities\u201d, speech to Parliament, February 2013.<br \/>\n5 Joseph Ochieno, \u201c18 years of progress but\u2026\u201d, New African, February 2013.<br \/>\n8 Edward Lahiff, \u201cIntroduction: the challenge of tenure reform in South Africa\u201d in Ruth Hall (ed), Another Countryside? Policy Options for Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa, University of Western Cape, 2009.<br \/>\n9 Thembela Kepe, \u201cReview of Land, Power &amp; Custom: Controversies generated by South Africa\u2019s Communal Land Rights Act\u201d, International Journal of the CommonsVol. 3, No. 1, May 2009.<br \/>\n11 David Mayson, \u201cJoint Ventures\u201d, Evaluating land and agrarian reform in South Africa \u2013 an occasional paper series 7, PLAAS, 2003.<br \/>\n12\u201c90% of redistributed farms not functional\u201d, South African Press Association, March 3rd 2010.<br \/>\n13\u201cFact Check 4\u201d, PLAAS, 2013.<br \/>\n14\u201cLand Audit Complete: Nkwinti\u201d, The New Age, February 19th 2013.<br \/>\n15 Statistics South Africa, \u201cLabour Force Surveys for 2006 and 2012\u201d, Pretoria, 2012.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This Briefing Note assesses the progress of the land reform programme and emphasises the importance of \u2013 and opportunity in \u2013 a bolder approach in South Africa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":2700,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,8],"tags":[28,253,299,124,298,252,300],"class_list":["post-2699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-briefing-notes","category-publications","tag-agriculture-in-publications","tag-anc","tag-apartheid","tag-green-revolution","tag-land-reform","tag-south-africa","tag-zuma"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - 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