{"id":10247,"date":"2016-05-20T10:43:52","date_gmt":"2016-05-20T10:43:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/?p=10247"},"modified":"2024-04-10T15:29:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T15:29:14","slug":"dakars-municipal-bond-issue-a-tale-of-two-cities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/dakars-municipal-bond-issue-a-tale-of-two-cities\/","title":{"rendered":"Dakar&#8217;s municipal bond issue: A tale of two cities"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/ARI_Dakar_BN_final-final.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" alignleft wp-image-10248\" src=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/dkr-213x300.png\" alt=\"dkr\" width=\"176\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/dkr-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/dkr.png 691w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 176px) 100vw, 176px\" \/><\/a>May 2016<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Download PDF\" href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/ARI_Dakar_BN_final-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Central and municipal governments are being overwhelmed by the rapid growth of Africa\u2019s cities. Strategic planning has been insufficient and the provision of basic services to residents is worsening. Since the 1990s, widespread devolution has substantially shifted responsibility for coping with urbanisation to local authorities, yet municipal governments across Africa receive a paltry share of national income with which to discharge their responsibilities.1 Responsible and proactive city authorities are examining how to improve revenue generation and diversify their sources of finance. Municipal bonds may be a financing option for some capital cities, depending on the legal and regulatory environment, investor appetite, and the creditworthiness of the borrower and proposed investment projects. This Briefing Note describes an attempt by the city of Dakar, the capital of Senegal, to launch the first municipal bond in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) area, and considers the ramifications of the central government blocking the initiative.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"message-box-wrapper none\">\n<div class=\"message-box-title\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"message-box-content\">\n<div class=\"shortcode-list bullet\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#one\">Contested capital<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"#two\">A confusion of powers<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#three\">Dakar Invests<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#four\">Going to the Market<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#five\">Dakar rated&#8230;and blocked<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#six\">Funding Africa&#8217;s urbanisation<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#seven\">Sources<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a name=\"one\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Contested capital<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>During the 2000s President Abdoulaye Wade sought to establish Dakar as a major investment destination and transform it into a \u201cworld-class\u201d city. A massive construction programme created new roads, shopping malls and hotels, as well as controversial creations such as the Monument de la Renaissance Africaine and Porte du Troisi\u00e8me Mill\u00e9naire. In 2008, Dakar played host to the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) summit. Work commenced on a new international airport. Wade\u2019s grand vision echoed that of President L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor in the 1960s.<\/p>\n<p>For most Dakarois, the benefits of new infrastructure were elusive. \u201cYou can\u2019t eat roads\u201d was a common saying in a city where only one in five could find full-time employment. The chronic shortage of jobs and affordable housing, food price riots, poor transport services and traffic congestion, flooding, erratic waste management, broken sewage pipes and frequent power cuts typified the \u201cother\u201d Dakar. In the slums and squatter communities where 40% of the population live, and in many formal housing and business areas, the state is largely ineffectual. Amadou Diop, a professor of geography, has described \u201cthe key characteristics\u201d of his city as \u201cuncontrolled growth, unorganised and unbalanced land occupation, a marked crisis and a declining environment\u201d.2<\/p>\n<p>Khalifa Sall of the Parti Socialiste was elected Mayor of Dakar in 2009, unseating an ally of Wade. He promised to improve the city, especially for its poorer residents, and to ensure much greater public participation in its affairs. Sall was re-elected in 2014 and by then had emerged as a standard bearer for active local government throughout Africa as general secretary of the International Association of Francophone Mayors (AIMF) and president of the United Cities and Local Governments of Africa (UCLGA). In 2012, Dakar hosted Africities, UCLGA\u2019s triennial gathering of thousands of local government experts and officials from across the continent. Khalifa Sall also pressed for the adoption of an African Charter on Local Government and the establishment of an African Union High Council on Local Authorities. For Sall, those closest to the people \u2013 local government \u2013 must drive pro-poor development or it will not occur at all.<\/p>\n<p>Dakar has long been the key battleground for competing political and business interests. Early in Khalifa Sall\u2019s first term, for example, conflict erupted between his administration and Wade over waste management in the capital. When flooding occurs, responsibility for making good the damage is always disputed. Although the parties of Dakar\u2019s mayor and the current president, Macky Sall, joined forces to unseat Wade, and the two frequently voice their willingness to work together for the betterment of Dakar, they are political rivals. When party politics are to the fore, as they were during the 2014 local elections, this becomes particularly relevant. Equally significant to the pace and efficacy of the development of Senegal\u2019s capital is the country\u2019s ongoing decentralisation programme.<\/p>\n<h1><a name=\"two\"><\/a><\/h1>\n<h1><strong>A confusion of powers<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Senegal\u2019s 1996 Municipal Administration Code was formulated to placate political opposition to the government of Abdou Diouf, president since 1981. The legislation provided for the transfer of significant powers to local government through decentralisation and devolution, and promoted citizen participation and regional planning. The rhetoric articulated the principle of subsidiarity, bringing government closer to the people. Furthermore, Article 58 of Law 96-07 stipulates that no function should be transferred to local government without the transfer of adequate resources, provided by receipts from certain types of tax, grants or both. This has never been the case for Dakar. The state has routinely withheld funding from municipalities, particularly those in the hands of opposition parties. Erratic, arbitrary and non-transparent financial transfers are a feature of Senegal\u2019s decentralisation that severely undermines its stated purpose.<\/p>\n<p>In Dakar, the continued predominance of the state&nbsp;is personified administratively by the government appointed<em>&nbsp;pr\u00e9fet du d\u00e9partement<\/em> de Dakar and fiscally by&nbsp;the <em>percepteur<\/em>, in effect the city\u2019s external accountant.&nbsp;Both are empowered to intervene in, as well as oversee,&nbsp;city administration; but the city of Dakar has no&nbsp;mechanism to force central government to pay its&nbsp;dues. Several initiatives set up by the state to increase&nbsp;local authority financing have not been successful.&nbsp;Allowances to Dakar, ostensibly to fund the functions&nbsp;transferred by decentralisation, averaged a paltry&nbsp;FCFA322m (US$650,000)3 per annum in 2008-12, less&nbsp;than 1% of the city\u2019s budget.<\/p>\n<p>Without the regular transfer of the resources to which&nbsp;it is legally entitled, Dakar cannot fulfil all its devolved&nbsp;responsibilities, which are significant.4 There is limited&nbsp;scope to increase resources by improving local revenue&nbsp;collection because taxation is highly centralised.&nbsp;Although the city succeeded in increasing its own&nbsp;revenues by almost 40% in 2008\u201312, it has control over&nbsp;less than 10% of its total revenue, mostly generated&nbsp;from fees for advertising billboards. After two decades&nbsp;decentralisation has yet to deliver what it originally&nbsp;promised to the residents of Dakar.<\/p>\n<p>The framework of decentralisation creates considerable&nbsp;overlap between national and local government&nbsp;systems. While relations on a day-to-day basis&nbsp;are mostly harmonious, a \u201cconfusion of powers\u201d5&nbsp;frequently complicates or frustrates local planning&nbsp;and administration. Ambiguity in the definition of&nbsp;responsibilities is a key stumbling block to more&nbsp;effective collaboration between central and municipal&nbsp;governments in Dakar.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"three\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Dakar invests<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Khalifa Sall was determined that the city council should&nbsp;gain credibility for competent administration and not&nbsp;be reduced to inaction by financial limitations. \u201cWe took&nbsp;the decision at the outset to invest the city\u2019s resources,&nbsp;such as they were, in all functions we are responsible&nbsp;for \u2013 social, cultural, sport and others\u201d, the mayor told&nbsp;ARI.6 Early initiatives in education included a school&nbsp;milk programme, free school uniforms and computers&nbsp;for elementary schools, and free annual medical&nbsp;examinations for children. Major public works involving the \u201cDakar volunteers\u201d programme for unemployed&nbsp;youth included paving and sand clearance from the city&nbsp;centre.<\/p>\n<p>Sall sought funding wherever he could. He was helped&nbsp;by Dakar having undergone a Public Expenditure and&nbsp;Financial Accountability (PEFA) review of its financial&nbsp;management system with a view to accessing loans&nbsp;and other external finance.7 T he city was the first subnational&nbsp;entity in Africa to be assessed in this way and&nbsp;its performance was mixed. The review judged that&nbsp;Dakar \u201c[did] not have a programme of reforms, still less&nbsp;a programme of the management of public finances\u201d8.&nbsp;Inadequacies in planning and forecasting were&nbsp;highlighted. Nevertheless, PEFA provided the impetus&nbsp;for improvements, for example in accountability, by&nbsp;making audits and evaluations public.&nbsp;Reforms were sufficient to enable Dakar to borrow. A&nbsp;\u20ac10m (US$16m) 20-year concessional loan had already&nbsp;been secured from Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement&nbsp;in 2008 to pay for street lighting improvements. Under&nbsp;Sall, commercial loans were approved: FCFA3.6bn&nbsp;(US$7.2m) from Ecobank to rebuild a downtown market; a three-year FCFA2.1bn (US$4.1m) loan from Banque&nbsp;Islamique du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal for traffic lights; and FCFA9.7bn&nbsp;(US$19.5m) from the West African Development Bank for&nbsp;road rehabilitation and parking. To date, debt service and&nbsp;repayments of these loans have been made on time.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe learned from the experience of investing in traffic&nbsp;lights, roads and pavements,\u201d says Khalifa Sall. \u201cNext,&nbsp;we decided we would undertake a real poverty reduction&nbsp;project\u201d. A major investment in a 10ha commercial&nbsp;zone in Petersen, at the northern extremity of Dakar-&nbsp;Plateau municipality, was planned. As part of a strategy&nbsp;to reorganise the city centre, the zone included a new&nbsp;FCFA13bn (US$26m) market with affordable space&nbsp;and facilities for 4,000 or more of the city\u2019s marchands&nbsp;ambulants \u2013 street vendors \u2013 and shopkeepers. The&nbsp;mayor banned street trading, a controversial move, but&nbsp;held frequent consultations with trader associations to&nbsp;explain his plans and hear objections. Although \u201cpoverty reduction, with the street vendors\u201d is the objective,&nbsp;relations between the city authorities and marchands&nbsp;ambulants remain volatile and at times acrimonious.<\/p>\n<p>If many of the marchands ambulants of downtown Dakar&nbsp;could be concentrated in a single location, there was&nbsp;another potential benefit. It would decongest Dakar-Plateau and the southernmost part of the peninsula. The&nbsp;World Bank estimates that Dakar\u2019s traffic congestion,&nbsp;exacerbated by unregulated street trading, costs&nbsp;FCFA108bn (US$216m) in lost income a year. The project&nbsp;would also generate much-needed revenue for the&nbsp;city, reducing its financial dependency on the central&nbsp;government. The challenge was raising the required&nbsp;FCFA20bn (US$40m). In 2012, Dakar\u2019s operating revenues were FCFA36.5bn (US$73m) and its capital expenditure FCFA11bn (US$22m).<br \/>\n<a name=\"four\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Going to the market<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Sall\u2019s plans were drawn up against a backdrop of immense political turmoil in the run-up to Senegal\u2019s 2012 presidential election. \u201cFrom day to day, the mayor didn\u2019t know if he\u2019d be thrown in jail [by Wade]. Or if mayors would be abolished altogether,\u201d says Khady Dia Sarr, director of the Dakar Municipal Finance Programme (DMFP), a team of four Senegalese professionals and one external expert established in the mayor\u2019s office.9 Although alternatives existed, the attractions of issuing a municipal bond were clear. It would enable the city to borrow a large amount in a lump sum and at a cheaper rate than commercial borrowing. It would also signal a determination by the city not to rely on concessional financing and confidence in its ability to manage a large revenue-generating investment. Preparation for a bond issue \u201cwas a whole new process\u201d for the mayor, DMFP and the city administration, according to DMFP\u2019s co-ordinator Dieynaba Dabo. \u201cNo one knew exactly what to do.\u201d Having finalised its plan in May, DMFP was officially launched in September 2012.<\/p>\n<p>In most African countries sub-national entities are not allowed to borrow. Few municipalities are able to establish creditworthiness based on cash flow, debt profile and credit history to allay investor concerns about repayment of the loan. Few can show an adequate record of strategic planning, debt management and competent administration. In this context, Dakar was no different to most African capitals. Its self-generated income and resources were slight, its budget was substantially dependent on central government and its technical capacity limited. But following the PEFA assessment the city had established a Department of Planning and Sustainable Development (DPDD) capable of demonstrating that Dakar had a credible development strategy; and it had a short record of competent debt management.<\/p>\n<p>The preparation for a municipal bond issue is crucial. The mayor and DMFP had to make cautious council members and the city\u2019s finance, administration and planning departments feel involved and fully consulted. A new consultative council was established, which included civil society, business representatives and religious leaders. Small initiatives professionalised city administration and bolstered the expertise of the DPDD, to enhance Dakar\u2019s strategic plan, the Department of Administration&nbsp;and Finance, to maximise revenue collection, and the Department of Urban Development, to help with the design and construction of the investment project.<\/p>\n<p>The regulatory framework also had to be navigated: the bond needed to comply with the requirements of the issuing authority, WAEMU\u2019s Conseil R\u00e9gional de l\u2019\u00c9pargne Publique et des March\u00e9s Financiers (CREPMF), with headquarters in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Early in 2014, a World Bank team followed up on the PEFA review and advised the city on implementing further improvements in its fiscal revenue management. A successful issue is dependent on a credible investment plan, proactive communications and good timing.<br \/>\n<a name=\"five\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Dakar rated\u2026 and blocked<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>At the outset, international ratings agency Moody\u2019s was commissioned to provide a confidential credit rating for Dakar. The process appraised, among other things, the quality of the city\u2019s decision making, budgetary planning, asset and debt management, and the predictability of revenues. The rating provided a benchmark against which improvements could be made before obtaining an official, public rating. Given that the bond would be launched in the WAEMU regional market, Bloomfield a ratings agency, based in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and accredited by CREPMF, was selected.<\/p>\n<p>In September 2013, after a rigorous three-month re-examination of its finances, Dakar received an A3 short-term rating and BBB+ long-term rating. Although this investment-grade rating would have been sufficient under the regulator\u2019s guidelines for bond issuance, the city secured a partial guarantee for 50% of the principal amount of the bond from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to further enhance the transaction\u2019s creditworthiness. Jeremy Gorelick, lead technical and financial adviser to DMFP, commented that \u201cthe presence of a credit enhancement from a well-respected guarantor like USAID helped to relieve some of the concerns about worst-case default scenarios.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Once the city received its rating, the bond could be structured. The loan amount was set at FCFA20bn(US$40m) to be repaid after seven years. Annual interest of 6.6% was offered to investors. For the first two years none of the principal amount of the loan would be repayable, but USAID stipulated a reserve fund to finance the first such repayments. A Dakar-based firm was mandated to arrange the marketing and placing of the bond through 18 financial intermediaries in the eight WAEMU countries. In January 2015, after delays partly caused by the 2014 local elections, the launch of the bond on Abidjan\u2019s Bourse r\u00e9gionale des valeurs mobili\u00e8res, the regional securities exchange, was imminent. Press coverage and a regional investor roadshow began. Investor demand was reported as strong and in February CREPMF issued the visa authorising the issue to proceed.<\/p>\n<p>Two days before the official launch date, Senegal\u2019s ministry of the economy and finance suspended a written avis de non-objection it had given to the project in July 2014, presenting certain \u201ctechnical objections\u201d that blocked&nbsp;the bond issuance. Concerns and questions were raised about the city\u2019s level of indebtedness; the potential liability of the state in the event of default for the 50% of the issue not covered by USAID\u2019s guarantee; the political affiliation of the real estate developer who stood to benefit from the construction of the new Petersen commercial zone; and the legality of the issue under Act III of decentralisation. On 5 March, CREPMF withdrew the visa for the bond.<\/p>\n<p>Khalifa Sall responded that nothing had changed since the government had given its permission to proceed. The pr\u00e9fet and the percepteur, an appointee of the ministry of the economy and finance, had approved the general and budgetary legality of the issue. Many of the mayor\u2019s allies saw the block as being directed at Khalifa Sall personally. In the 2014 local elections he defeated the prime minister, Aminata Tour\u00e9, put up as a candidate by the government to unseat him and win control of the capital. With the possibility of the mayor standing for the presidency against Macky Sall appearing more likely after he secured a second term as mayor, the influence of national politics on the management of Senegal\u2019s capital was once again confirmed.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"six\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Funding Africa\u2019s urbanisation<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>To date, <strong>rapid urbanisation has not been a key driver of economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa<\/strong>. It is characterised by the proliferation of unplanned slums devoid of basic service provision, spiralling youth unemployment, and escalating environmental hazard and degradation. The overwhelming majority of residents of most cities and their informal economic activity, on which a more prosperous future depends, are largely ignored by government master plans. <strong>There is a chronic shortfall in urban financing.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A 2012 study estimated Africa\u2019s \u201cmunicipal investment gap\u201d at US$25 billion per annum. The report observed that \u201cdespite this pressing need most African local governments have limited access to capital markets and no private sector finance for infrastructure\u201d.10 <strong>Diversification of funding is urgently required<\/strong>. Africa\u2019s cities cannot continue to rely on inadequate handouts from central government and limited donor-funded concessional finance. <strong>Greater financial autonomy is a necessity<\/strong>. The crucial role of local governments in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was recognised in the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda; and it will be re-emphasised by the Habitat III global summit in October 2016.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dakar showed an active, innovative approach to its funding requirements.<\/strong> Led by a dynamic, competent mayor the attempt to make a substantial pro-poor, revenue-generating investment funded by a municipal bond has much to teach other cities. DMFP was very much an indigenous initiative. The preparation for the bond issue did not require armies of external technocrats; a core of competent municipal administrators was sufficient, supported by external development finance institutions where necessary. Key city departments were required to carry out a few basic functions better and this was achieved through planning, communication and collaboration. By taking the city to the point of launching its bond, DMFP also highlighted the potential for bolstering municipal finance in Africa.<\/p>\n<p><strong>There is considerable scope for better tax administration by or on behalf of cities, improvements in revenue generation and cost control.<\/strong> For example, in Dakar the city administration could readily improve on inefficient central government collection of local taxes under a revenue-sharing agreement; and <strong>property tax has been seriously neglected as a source of municipal income<\/strong>.11 Existing regional bond markets are the foundations for municipal and state bond issuance in local currencies to African investors, but they could be bolstered by a more <strong>developed, affordable domestic credit ratings industry. Further development of the regulatory framework in regional bond markets would boost investor confidence and facilitate domestic mobilisation of more of Africa\u2019s financial assets.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The human and economic resources of Dakar\u2019s city administration are no greater than those of most African capitals. Its financial history was imperfect. Yet the city succeeded in building a convincing argument for its creditworthiness and crafting a bankable transaction that significantly exceeded standard debt service ratios for municipalities. These factors, combined with the USAID guarantee, attracted the core group of investors prepared to commit to investment. In December 2014, DMFP was awarded the Prix Guangzhou, initiated in 2012 by UCLGA and the city of Guangzhou. Dakar\u2019s project was the only one from Africa in a field of 259 entries.<\/p>\n<p>Like many capitals, Dakar is in fact two cities. A central government volte-face that subverted Dakar\u2019s bond issue at the eleventh hour underscored that it is a fiercely contested political prize as well as being the direly underfunded centre and hub of Senegal\u2019s economic activity. This duality has proved a significant obstruction to economic and social development in many capitals worldwide. But in Africa the need to circumvent it is particularly pressing. If urbanisation is to become an engine for development, collaboration and development will have to be prioritised over party politics \u2013 a complex and fraught transition to achieve anywhere.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drk1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10269 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drk1-300x261.png\" alt=\"drk1\" width=\"488\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drk1-300x261.png 300w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drk1-1024x889.png 1024w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drk1.png 1141w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"seven\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"message-box-wrapper none\">\n<div class=\"message-box-title\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"message-box-content\">\n<p>1.Local Governments Africa (UCLGA), local government expenditure in most African countries is less than 10% of national expenditure vs. an average of 25% in OECD countries<\/p>\n<p>2. Diop, Amadou, \u201cDakar\u201d, Chapter 3 in Bekker, Simon (ed.), Capital Cities in Africa HSRC Press, 2011, p.42<\/p>\n<p>3. An FCFA500 : US$1 exchange rate has been used throughout as an approximate average for 2012\u201314, the duration of the Dakar Municipal Finance Programme.<\/p>\n<p>4.The city has certain responsibilities in nine areas: estate, environment and natural resource management; health, population and social action; youth sports and leisure; culture; education; planning; regional planning; urban planning and housing.<\/p>\n<p>5. Diop, Amadou, op. cit., p.40<\/p>\n<p>6.All those quoted in the text were interviewed in Dakar in May\/June 2014 unless otherwise indicated.<\/p>\n<p>7.The PEFA assessment was funded by the multi-donor Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). The PEFA framework has 31 principal indicators and was introduced in 2005 to evaluate central governments.<\/p>\n<p>8.Ville de Dakar: Evaluation de la gestion des finances publiques municipales: Rapport PEFA sur les performances, 30 Jan. 2009, p. 68<\/p>\n<p>9. In Autumn 2011 DMFP received a grant of US$500,000 from the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation to conduct the feasibility study. It received a subsequent commitment from the foundation to provide up to US$4.9m. A specific requirement of the grant was for the project to be revenue-generating and to benefit the urban poor. PPIAF, USAID, Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement and Cities Alliance also provided assistance.<\/p>\n<p>10.Paulais, Thierry, Financing Africa\u2019s Cities: The Imperative of Local Investment, World Bank and Cities Alliance, 2012<\/p>\n<p>11. See Monkam, Nara and Moore, Mick, \u201cHow property tax would benefit Africa\u201d, Africa Research Institute, Jan. 2015<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This Briefing note describes an attempt by the city of Dakar, the capital of Senegal, to launch the first municipal bond in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) area, and considers the ramifications of the central government blocking the initiative.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,2298],"tags":[1379,72,1222,2448,78,1226,465,2447,350,67],"class_list":["post-10247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-briefing-notes","category-fp02","tag-bonds","tag-cities","tag-dakar","tag-financing","tag-infrastructure","tag-khalifa-sall","tag-macky-sall","tag-municipal-finance","tag-urban","tag-urbanisation"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Dakar\u2019s municipal bond issue: A 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