{"id":8823,"date":"2016-01-19T17:48:49","date_gmt":"2016-01-19T17:48:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/?page_id=8823"},"modified":"2016-02-08T12:34:20","modified_gmt":"2016-02-08T12:34:20","slug":"djibouti-expert-briefing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/","title":{"rendered":"Djibouti &#8211; Expert Briefing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Also available <a href=\"#french-identifier\">in French\/en\u00a0fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Djibouti is a presidential republic where the president combines the roles of head of state and head of government<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since 2011, presidential elections are held every five years. A multi-party system was introduced in 2002<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The National Assembly has 65 members, elected for five-year terms. It is the only legislative body operational in Djibouti. The establishment of a senate was provided for under constitutional amendments in 2010, but this has yet to take place<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The opposition won its first seats in the National Assembly at the last legislative elections in February 2013. It holds 10 seats while the remaining 55 MPs are aligned with the presidential majority<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The next presidential election will take place on 8 April 2016<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Following independence from France in 1977, Djibouti adopted a single-party system under the <em>Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progr\u00e8s<\/em> (RPP) in 1979. In 1992, the country adopted its first constitution which provided for competitive multi-party politics, initially restricted to four political parties: the RPP, le <em>Front pour la Restauration de l\u2019Unit\u00e9 et de la D\u00e9mocratie<\/em> (FRUD), the <em>Parti National D\u00e9mocratique<\/em> (PND) and the <em>Parti du Renouveau D\u00e9mocratique<\/em> (PRD). A constitutional amendment in 2002 liberalised the registration of political parties.<\/p>\n<p>Djibouti has had only two presidents. Hassan Gouled Aptidon held power between 1977 and 1999. His party, the RPP, won all 65 parliamentary seats in the 1992 and 1997 legislative elections thanks to the general ticket voting system used. He won the 1993 presidential elections with 60% of the vote, enough to avoid a second round run-off against either of his challengers: Mohamed Djama Elabeh (PRD) or Aden Robleh Awaleh (PND).<\/p>\n<p>Ismail Omar Guelleh has led the country since 1999. Also standing for the RPP, he defeated Moussa Ahmed Idriss in the 1999 presidential election. The 2003 elections saw two newly created coalitions\u00a0compete: \u00a0the <em>Union pour la Majorit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle<\/em> (UMP) \u2013 composed of the RPP, FRUD and PND among others \u2013 and the <em>Union pour l\u2019Alternance D\u00e9mocratique<\/em> (UAD) \u2013 an alliance of opposition parties led by Ahmed Dini Ahmed. UMP won all 65 seats.<\/p>\n<p>A decade of opposition boycott (2003 \u2013 2012) ensured that the UMP won the 2008 parliamentary elections and the presidentials in 2005 and 2011 with Ismail Omar Guelleh as a candidate. In 2010,\u00a0a\u00a0constitutional provision\u00a0restricting\u00a0the president to two terms in office was repealed, while the length of the mandate was\u00a0reduced from six to\u00a0five years. In 2011, Ismail Omar Guelleh president was re-elected for his third term. He won 80% of the vote, against independent candidate Mohamed Warsama Ragueh.<\/p>\n<p>The majority of opposition parties, supported by the country\u2019s most prominent religious leaders, established the <em>Union pour le Salut National<\/em> (USN) in 2013 to take advantage in elections that February of the introduction of a provision for 20% of parliamentary seats to be filled by proportional representation. The official results awarding 10 seats to the USN and 55 to the UMP were disputed by the opposition parties; they refused to enter parliament and established a parallel assembly. On 30 December 2014, an agreement was signed between the government and the\u00a0USN to bring an end to two years\u00a0of political crisis.<\/p>\n<p>To this day, the opposition denounces the non-implementation of this agreement, notably the establishment of an independent national electoral commission in which the opposition parties and\u00a0presidential majority have equal representation.\u00a0The opposition threatens to boycott the presidential election scheduled for 8 April 2016. On 8 January, Ismail Omar Guelleh was announced as the UMP candidate.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Aden Omar Abdillahi is researcher at the Centre d\u2019Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti (CERD)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8832\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8832\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8832\" src=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg\" alt=\"A Djiboutian woman votes at the Stade primary school in the capital city during 2013 legislative elections\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg 720w, https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Djiboutian woman votes at the Stade primary school in the capital city during 2013 legislative elections<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul> <a id=\"french-identifier\"><\/a><\/p>\n<li><em>Djibouti est un r\u00e9gime pr\u00e9sidentiel ou le pr\u00e9sident de la r\u00e9publique cumule les fonctions de chef de l\u2019\u00e9tat et de chef du gouvernement <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Depuis 2011, l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle se tient tous les cinq ans dans un syst\u00e8me de multipartisme int\u00e9gral instaur\u00e9 en 2002 <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale compte 65 membres \u00e9lus pour cinq ans et constitue le seul organe l\u00e9gislatif op\u00e9rationnel du pays. La cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un s\u00e9nat est pr\u00e9vue par la r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle de 2010 <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Depuis les \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives de f\u00e9vrier 2013, l\u2019opposition a fait son entr\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et occupe 10 si\u00e8ges et les 55 autres appartiennent \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 au pouvoir<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>La prochaine \u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle se tiendra le 8 avril 2016<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la France en 1977, le Djibouti a mis en place un syst\u00e8me de parti unique avec la cr\u00e9ation du Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progr\u00e8s (RPP) en 1979. En 1992, le pays s\u2019est dot\u00e9 de sa premi\u00e8re constitution qui pr\u00e9voit l\u2019instauration d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de multipartisme limit\u00e9 \u00e0 quatre partis seulement : Le RPP, le Front pour la Restauration de l\u2019Unit\u00e9 et de la D\u00e9mocratie (FRUD), le Parti National D\u00e9mocratique (PND) et le Parti du Renouveau D\u00e9mocratique (PRD). Apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de dix ans, en 2002, une r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle autorise un multipartisme int\u00e9gral.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9publique de Djibouti n\u2019a connu que deux pr\u00e9sidents. Hassan Gouled Aptidon a exerc\u00e9 le pouvoir de 1977 \u00e0 1999. Avec le RRP, il a remport\u00e9 les l\u00e9gislatives de 1992 et de 1997 en raflant, \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019un scrutin de liste majoritaire \u00e0 un seul tour, l\u2019ensemble des 65 si\u00e8ges. Egalement, il a gagn\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1993 au premier tour avec plus de 60% des voix devant le PRD de Mohamed Djama Elabeh et le PND de Aden Robleh Awaleh.<\/p>\n<p>Ismail Omar Guelleh est \u00e0 la t\u00eate du pays depuis 1999. Lui aussi avec le RPP, il a gagn\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1999 face \u00e0 Moussa Ahmed Idriss, le candidat de l\u2019opposition. Les l\u00e9gislatives de 2003 ont oppos\u00e9 deux coalitions fraichement cr\u00e9\u00e9es : l\u2019Union pour la Majorit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (UMP) &#8211; compos\u00e9e du RPP, du FRUD et du PND entre autres &#8211; et l\u2019Union pour l\u2019Alternance D\u00e9mocratique (UAD) &#8211; alliance des partis de l\u2019opposition &#8211; dirig\u00e9e par Ahmed Dini Ahmed. L\u2019UMP a remport\u00e9 l\u2019ensemble des 65 si\u00e8ges.<\/p>\n<p>A la suite d\u2019un boycott de l\u2019opposition de toutes les \u00e9lections durant une d\u00e9cennie (2003 \u2013 2012), l\u2019UMP a remport\u00e9 les l\u00e9gislatives de 2008 et les pr\u00e9sidentielles de 2005 et de 2011 avec Ismail Omar Guelleh comme candidat. En 2010, la modification de la constitution a supprim\u00e9 la limitation \u00e0 deux des mandats pr\u00e9sidentiels tout en fixant sa dur\u00e9e \u00e0 cinq ans. En 2011, le pr\u00e9sident sortant est r\u00e9\u00e9lu sans difficult\u00e9 pour un troisi\u00e8me mandat, avec 80% des voix, face au candidat ind\u00e9pendant Mohamed Warsama Ragueh.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019ensemble des partis politiques de l\u2019opposition, rejoints par les leaders religieux les plus en vue dans le pays, ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 l\u2019Union pour le Salut National (USN) en 2013 pour profiter de l\u2019introduction d\u2019une dose de proportionnelle \u00e0 20% pour les l\u00e9gislatives de f\u00e9vrier de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e. Les r\u00e9sultats officiels octroyant 10 si\u00e8ges \u00e0 l\u2019USN et 55 \u00e0 l\u2019UMP sont contest\u00e9s par l\u2019opposition qui refuse de si\u00e9ger au parlement et se dote d\u2019une assembl\u00e9e parall\u00e8le. Le 30 d\u00e9cembre 2014, un accord-cadre est sign\u00e9 entre le gouvernement et l\u2019USN pour mettre fin \u00e0 deux ann\u00e9es de crise politique.<\/p>\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui encore, l\u2019opposition d\u00e9nonce l\u2019absence d\u2019application de l\u2019accord-cadre, notamment la mise en place d\u2019une Commission \u00e9lectorale nationale ind\u00e9pendante (CENI) paritaire et menace de\u00a0 boycotter l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle d\u2019avril 2016.\u00a0Le 8 janvier 2016, Ismail Omar Guelleh est investi candidat de l\u2019UMP pour les pr\u00e9sidentielles de 2016.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Aden Omar Abdillahi est chercheur\u00a0au Centre d\u2019Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti (CERD)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Also available in French\/en\u00a0fran\u00e7ais Djibouti is a presidential republic where the president combines the roles of head of state and head of government Since 2011, presidential elections are held every five years. A multi-party system was introduced in 2002 The National Assembly has 65 members, elected for five-year terms. It is the only legislative body operational in Djibouti. The establishment of a senate was provided for under constitutional amendments in 2010, but this has yet to take place The opposition won its first seats in the National Assembly at the last legislative elections in February 2013. It holds 10 seats while the remaining 55 MPs are aligned with the presidential majority The next presidential election will take place on 8 April 2016 &nbsp; Following independence from France in 1977, Djibouti adopted a single-party system under the Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progr\u00e8s (RPP) in 1979. In 1992, the country adopted its first constitution which provided for competitive multi-party politics, initially restricted to four political parties: the RPP, le Front pour la Restauration de l\u2019Unit\u00e9 et de la D\u00e9mocratie (FRUD), the Parti National D\u00e9mocratique (PND) and the Parti du Renouveau D\u00e9mocratique (PRD). A constitutional amendment in 2002 liberalised the registration of political parties. Djibouti has had only two presidents. Hassan Gouled Aptidon held power between 1977 and 1999. His party, the RPP, won all 65 parliamentary seats in the 1992 and 1997 legislative elections thanks to the general ticket voting system used. He won the 1993 presidential elections with 60% of the vote, enough to avoid a second round run-off against either of his challengers: Mohamed Djama Elabeh (PRD) or Aden Robleh Awaleh (PND). Ismail Omar Guelleh has led the country since 1999. Also standing for the RPP, he defeated Moussa Ahmed Idriss in the 1999 presidential election. The 2003 elections saw two newly created coalitions\u00a0compete: \u00a0the Union pour la Majorit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (UMP) \u2013 composed of the RPP, FRUD and PND among others \u2013 and the Union pour l\u2019Alternance D\u00e9mocratique (UAD) \u2013 an alliance of opposition parties led by Ahmed Dini Ahmed. UMP won all 65 seats. A decade of opposition boycott (2003 \u2013 2012) ensured that the UMP won the 2008 parliamentary elections and the presidentials in 2005 and 2011 with Ismail Omar Guelleh as a candidate. In 2010,\u00a0a\u00a0constitutional provision\u00a0restricting\u00a0the president to two terms in office was repealed, while the length of the mandate was\u00a0reduced from six to\u00a0five years. In 2011, Ismail Omar Guelleh president was re-elected for his third term. He won 80% of the vote, against independent candidate Mohamed Warsama Ragueh. The majority of opposition parties, supported by the country\u2019s most prominent religious leaders, established the Union pour le Salut National (USN) in 2013 to take advantage in elections that February of the introduction of a provision for 20% of parliamentary seats to be filled by proportional representation. The official results awarding 10 seats to the USN and 55 to the UMP were disputed by the opposition parties; they refused to enter parliament and established a parallel assembly. On 30 December 2014, an agreement was signed between the government and the\u00a0USN to bring an end to two years\u00a0of political crisis. To this day, the opposition denounces the non-implementation of this agreement, notably the establishment of an independent national electoral commission in which the opposition parties and\u00a0presidential majority have equal representation.\u00a0The opposition threatens to boycott the presidential election scheduled for 8 April 2016. On 8 January, Ismail Omar Guelleh was announced as the UMP candidate. Aden Omar Abdillahi is researcher at the Centre d\u2019Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti (CERD) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Djibouti est un r\u00e9gime pr\u00e9sidentiel ou le pr\u00e9sident de la r\u00e9publique cumule les fonctions de chef de l\u2019\u00e9tat et de chef du gouvernement Depuis 2011, l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle se tient tous les cinq ans dans un syst\u00e8me de multipartisme int\u00e9gral instaur\u00e9 en 2002 L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale compte 65 membres \u00e9lus pour cinq ans et constitue le seul organe l\u00e9gislatif op\u00e9rationnel du pays. La cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un s\u00e9nat est pr\u00e9vue par la r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle de 2010 Depuis les \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives de f\u00e9vrier 2013, l\u2019opposition a fait son entr\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et occupe 10 si\u00e8ges et les 55 autres appartiennent \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 au pouvoir La prochaine \u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle se tiendra le 8 avril 2016 &nbsp; Apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la France en 1977, le Djibouti a mis en place un syst\u00e8me de parti unique avec la cr\u00e9ation du Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progr\u00e8s (RPP) en 1979. En 1992, le pays s\u2019est dot\u00e9 de sa premi\u00e8re constitution qui pr\u00e9voit l\u2019instauration d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de multipartisme limit\u00e9 \u00e0 quatre partis seulement : Le RPP, le Front pour la Restauration de l\u2019Unit\u00e9 et de la D\u00e9mocratie (FRUD), le Parti National D\u00e9mocratique (PND) et le Parti du Renouveau D\u00e9mocratique (PRD). Apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de dix ans, en 2002, une r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle autorise un multipartisme int\u00e9gral. La r\u00e9publique de Djibouti n\u2019a connu que deux pr\u00e9sidents. Hassan Gouled Aptidon a exerc\u00e9 le pouvoir de 1977 \u00e0 1999. Avec le RRP, il a remport\u00e9 les l\u00e9gislatives de 1992 et de 1997 en raflant, \u00e0 la faveur d\u2019un scrutin de liste majoritaire \u00e0 un seul tour, l\u2019ensemble des 65 si\u00e8ges. Egalement, il a gagn\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1993 au premier tour avec plus de 60% des voix devant le PRD de Mohamed Djama Elabeh et le PND de Aden Robleh Awaleh. Ismail Omar Guelleh est \u00e0 la t\u00eate du pays depuis 1999. Lui aussi avec le RPP, il a gagn\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1999 face \u00e0 Moussa Ahmed Idriss, le candidat de l\u2019opposition. Les l\u00e9gislatives de 2003 ont oppos\u00e9 deux coalitions fraichement cr\u00e9\u00e9es : l\u2019Union pour la Majorit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (UMP) &#8211; compos\u00e9e du RPP, du FRUD et du PND entre autres &#8211; et l\u2019Union pour l\u2019Alternance D\u00e9mocratique (UAD) &#8211; alliance des partis de l\u2019opposition &#8211; dirig\u00e9e par Ahmed Dini Ahmed. L\u2019UMP a remport\u00e9 l\u2019ensemble des 65 si\u00e8ges. A la suite d\u2019un boycott de l\u2019opposition de toutes les \u00e9lections durant une d\u00e9cennie (2003 \u2013 2012), l\u2019UMP a remport\u00e9 les l\u00e9gislatives de 2008 et les pr\u00e9sidentielles [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8823","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Djibouti - Expert Briefing - Africa Research Institute<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An overview of Djibouti &#039;s political trajectory and its 2016 elections\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Djibouti - Expert Briefing - Africa Research Institute\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"An overview of Djibouti &#039;s political trajectory and its 2016 elections\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@AfricaResearch\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/\",\"name\":\"Djibouti - Expert Briefing - Africa Research Institute\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-01-19T17:48:49+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-02-08T12:34:20+00:00\",\"description\":\"An overview of Djibouti 's political trajectory and its 2016 elections\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/djibouti-election-voting_zpsf7b69ce6.jpg\",\"width\":720,\"height\":480,\"caption\":\"A Djiboutian woman votes at the Stade primary school in the capital city during 2013 legislative elections\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/djibouti-expert-briefing\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/africaresearchinstitute.org\/wordpress\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Djibouti &#8211; 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